Cross-Module Review

Across the assigned works, several recurring themes appear:

Literature and power
Texts often reveal how empires, states, institutions, and social hierarchies shape people’s lives.

Language and identity
The language of a text affects its audience, cultural meaning, and political force.

Translation and circulation
World literature depends on translation, but translation also changes how texts are received.

Resistance and social critique
Many works expose oppression, inequality, racism, colonialism, war, or cultural erasure.

The individual and history
Characters and speakers often struggle within forces larger than themselves, such as war, class, colonial rule, revolution, or national identity.

Local experience and global meaning
A text can be rooted in a specific place while still speaking to readers across the world.